Understanding Celiac Disease
What Is Celiac Disease?
Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects the small intestine. When individuals with celiac disease consume gluten—a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley—their immune system responds by attacking the lining of the small intestine.
Over time, this immune response damages the lining of the small intestine, specifically the villi, which plays a critical role in absorbing nutrients. Without properly functioning villi, the body cannot absorb essential vitamins and minerals effectively. It's important to note that celiac disease is different from gluten sensitivity or intolerance and requires lifelong management.
Who Is at Risk?
Celiac disease is genetic, meaning it can run in families. While it can affect anyone, certain individuals may have a higher risk, including those who:
- Have a family history of celiac disease
- Live with autoimmune conditions such as type 1 diabetes
- Have Down syndrome
- Experience infertility
- Have irritable bowel syndrome, particularly with diarrhea
What Causes It?
Although celiac disease is inherited, symptoms may not appear until later in life. In some cases, certain events may trigger the onset of symptoms, including:
- Physical or emotional stress
- Pregnancy or childbirth
- Surgery or injury
- Infections
Signs and Symptoms
According to PIH Health Gastroenterologist, Ashwin Ashok MD, “Celiac disease can present differently from person to person. Some individuals experience digestive symptoms, while others may have symptoms that are less commonly associated with the digestive system.”
Common digestive symptoms include:
- Chronic diarrhea or constipation
- Abdominal pain or bloating
- Gas
- Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include:
- Fatigue or anemia
- Tingling or numbness in the legs
- Missed menstrual periods
- Infertility
- Weak or brittle bones (osteoporosis)
- Joint or muscle pain
- Itchy skin rash
- Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
Children with celiac disease may also experience delayed growth and development. Some individuals, however, may have little to no symptoms, making diagnosis more challenging.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Because symptoms can overlap with other digestive conditions, diagnosing celiac disease often involves multiple steps. Healthcare providers may recommend:
- Blood tests to check for specific antibodies
- An intestinal biopsy to assess damage to the small intestine
If you suspect celiac disease, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider before removing gluten from your diet, as testing is most accurate when gluten is still being consumed.
Treatment and Management
The only effective treatment for Celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. “Removing gluten allows the small intestine to heal and helps prevent further damage, with many people feeling better within weeks. Because gluten can hide in sauces, dressings, and processed foods, careful label reading and guidance from a healthcare professional are essential,” emphasizes Dr. Ashok.
Early diagnosis can help prevent long-term complications. If you’re experiencing symptoms or want to learn more, talk to your doctor or find one at PIHHealth.org/Doctor
