Understanding Sepsis
What is sepsis?
Sepsis is your body’s most serious reaction to an infection. You might hear it called “septicemia,” which is the medical term for blood poisoning caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. When germs spread through the bloodstream, they trigger widespread inflammation that can quickly lead to septic shock, organ failure, and even death. Because it progresses so fast, sepsis is always a medical emergency.
What causes sepsis?
Sepsis often develops from common infections, such as:
- Pneumonia (lung infection)
- Urinary tract infections
- Skin infections
- Intestinal or gut infections
The germs most likely to cause sepsis include Staphylococcus aureus (staph), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and certain types of Streptococcus.
Who is at risk and how is it diagnosed?
PIH Health Family Medicine Physician Elisabeth Brown MD says, “Anyone can develop sepsis, but older adults, infants, and people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, kidney disease, or lung disease are at higher risk.” Having pneumonia or a recent hospital stay—especially for an infection—also raises the chance.
Because its early symptoms mimic other illnesses, sepsis can be hard to diagnose at first. “Healthcare providers look for signs like fever, rapid breathing, fast heart rate, and low blood pressure, then confirm infection and evaluate for organ damage with lab tests,” says Dr. Brown. Quick recognition is key to survival.
What are the symptoms?
Sepsis can worsen in just hours, so knowing the warning signs is critical. They may include:
- Fever, chills, or feeling very cold
- Nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite
- Shortness of breath or rapid breathing
- Fast heart rate or low blood pressure
- Severe pain or discomfort
- Cold, clammy hands and feet
- Confusion, anxiety, or extreme fatigue
- Rash that looks like bruising
In severe cases, sepsis can cause coma or death. Always seek immediate medical care if these symptoms appear.
How is sepsis treated?
Treatment always begins in the hospital and must start quickly. Most people receive antibiotics, IV fluids, and oxygen to stabilize blood flow and protect organs. In severe cases, patients may need a ventilator, dialysis, or surgery to remove infected tissue. Fast treatment makes the greatest difference in recovery.
How can sepsis be prevented?
The best way to prevent sepsis is to prevent infections from spreading. Dr. Brown emphasizes, “Wash your hands often, keep cuts clean and covered, and stay up to date on vaccines.” “Managing chronic conditions, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight all help strengthen your immune system,” Dr. Brown continues. Most importantly, don’t ignore infections—if something isn’t getting better, get medical care promptly.
Sepsis is a life-threatening emergency that can develop from an everyday infection, but quick action saves lives. Know the symptoms, manage your risk factors, and don’t hesitate to seek care if you suspect something is wrong. If you suspect sepsis, call 9-1-1 or go to a hospital and tell your medical professional. When visiting your healthcare provider, come prepared with questions and make sure you understand your treatment plan. To find a doctor near you, visit PIHHealth.org/Doctors
To learn more about sepsis, or to read tributes and survivor stories, visit online at Sepsis.org
Elisabeth Brown MD
Dr. Elisabeth Brown enjoys family medicine because she sees patients at different stages of their lives and how so many of them are connected. “I have a couple four-generation families that I care for in my practice,” she explains. Dr. Brown knew she wanted to be in the medical field since she was three years old. Her love for animals initially drew her toward veterinarian school, but her interest in helping people improve their lives led her to a medical degree. Dr. Brown has three sons and enjoys writing in her spare time. She plans to publish a book someday.
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